Biology Note :
Pollution and Environmental Damage
A.
Illegal Logging
w Illegal
logging causes damage in soil structure, land slides, flash floods, and
declining biodiversity.
w The
regions which rich biological resources as national parks.
w The
purpose is to maintain forest conversation for all the living organism within.
B. Air Pollution
w Pollution
is the introduction of substances, energy, living organism, or other components
into the environment which cause a decline in the quality of the environment.
w Substance
or materials which cause pollution are called pollution.
w A
material is considered a pollution if it’s existence causes problems for living
organism.
w A
material can be considered a pollution if:
1.
The amount of the substance exceeds
the normal levels.
2.
The substance occurs in the wrong
place.
3.
The substance occurs at the wrong
time.
w Clean
and dry air is composed of nitrogen ( 78% ), oxygen ( 20,94% ), argon ( 0,93%
), and carbon dioxide ( 0,032% ).
1.Components of Air
Pollution
w Air
pollution can be caused by various pollutant. Composed, for instance, carbon
monoxide, sulphur oxide, particles, CFCs, and lead.\
w A. Carbon Monoxide ( CO ) : in areas with clean
air, the level of CO is usually 0,1 ppm ( 0,00001% ).
w Levels
of CO pollution are a lot higher.
w So
that can be toxic and may cause eye irritation, pain in the respiratory tract
and lugs.
w CO
with levels of more than 100 ppm can cause death.
w B. Nitrogen oksida ( NOx ) / Nitrogen
Oxide ( NOx ).
w NOx
in the atmosphere comes from products combustion motor vehicles, electric
generations, or mature gas.
w NOx
in the atmosphere is non toxic.
w In
the presence of sunlight, NOx will react with water vapor in the
atmosphere and produce nitrate acid.
w C. Sulfur oksida ( SOx ) / sulphur oxide
( SO2 )
w SOx
consist of SOx ( sulphur dioxide ) and sulphur trioxide ( SO3
)gases.
w SO2
has a strong odor, is non flammable, and does not cause corrosion.
w SO3
is a reactive substance easily reacts with other substances and causes damage
and corrosion.
w Water
vapor in the atmosphere will react with SO2 producing sulfurous
acid.
w While
SO3 will produce sulphuric acid.
w Sulphuric
and sulfurous acid fall down to earth together with rain, causing acid rain.
w D. Particle
w Particles
are pollutants in the atmosphere in the from of solids or liquids.
w These
particles which are dispersed in a gas medium are called an aerosol.
w Types
of aerosols are:
1.
Fog, is water droplets in gas;
2.
Smoke, is solid particles in gas.
Fossil fuel combustio usually produces smoke;
3.
Dust, is fine solid particles with a
diameter less than 500 micrometers.
w E. Chlorofluoro Carbon ( CFCs )
w CFCs
are released from refrigerators, Styrofoam, sprayers such as hairsprays and
parfume.
w CFCs
react with ozone ( O3 ) in the atmosphere resulting in the reduction
of the ozone layer.
w The
ozone layer is very important because is filters ultraviolet radiation from
sunlight.
w F. Lead ( Pb )
w Light
lead poisoning can cause headache, exhaustion, and depression.
w If
it reaches a dangerous level, lead can cause brain damage.
2. Impacts of Air
Pollution
w Change
in the atmosphere composition is also called air pollution.
w Air
pollution can cause acid rain, damage of the ozone layer, the green house
effect, and global warming.
w A. Acid Rain
w Substance
or emissions such as carbon dioxide ( CO2 ), carbon monoxide ( CO ), sulphur oxide ( SOx ),
fine particles and nitrogen oxide ( NOx ).
w If
sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide dissolved in rain water, they will create
rain.
w The
consentration of acid in rain water depends on the SOx level.
w Acidity
may be measured based on the acid level called PH.
w The
scale of PH ranges from 0 to 14.
w The
lower the PH of a substance the more acid the substance.
w For
example the PH of unpolluted rain water ranges from 5.6 to 5.7 ; rain water
with a PH of less than 5.6 is considered acid rain.
w Acid
rain can cause some disadvantages, for example :
1.
It dissolves calcium, natrium and
other nutrients contained in the soil;
2.
It can kill plant tissues and disturb
plant growth;
3.
Acid rain causes a decrease of the
water’s PH to level lower than more;
4.
It can damage building.
w B. Damage of the ozone layer.
w Ozone
( O3 ) is a from of less stable oxygen ( O2 ).
w Ozone
can cause pollution if it is located near the surface of the earth.
w But,
if as long as it is in the stratosphere, about 20-40 km above the earth’s
surface ozone is very useful to filter ultraviolet radiations from sunlight.
w Ozone
absorbs the UV radiation so that it will not reach the earth.
w Ozone
layer can be depleted by CFCs ( Freon ) which are used in :
1.
Chemical substance in sprayers, for
example : hairspray and parfume;
2.
Cooling system and refrigenerators;
3.
Polystyrene foam.
w CFC2
which are released into the air will move to the stratosphere.
w CFC,
they will then disintegrate and release chloride atoms which accelerate the
convension of ozone into oxygen ( O2 ).
w As
a result the ozone layer is reduced. This condition will further create ozone
holes.
w What
are the consequent of ozone holes?
w If
the ozone layer in stratosphere is depleting more UV radition will reach the
surface of the earth.
w The
depletion of the ozone layer cause many problems for living organism, for
example:
1.
It can cause skin cancer;
2.
It in creases the risk for cataracts,
and causes eyes cancer in cows;
3.
It reduces human immunity;
4.
It decreases food production ( rice,
corn, soybean )
w C. Green House effect and global warming.
w Glass
materials makes the temperature inside a green house warmer compared to the
outside.
w This
is because a green house traps the radiation energy from the sun and prevents
it form going out.
w Gases
in the atmosphere keep the earth warm this called the green house effect.
w The
most effective gas to restrain heat reflection from the earth is carbon dioxide
( CO2 ).
w If
there is an excessive amount of CO2, the heat reflection from the
earth may be blocked and there fore reflect back into the earth.
w So,
that temperature on the earth’s surface will increase significantly.
w This
phenomena is called global warming.
w The
increase in temperature’s on the earth’s surface will change the climate.
w For
example regions where it rarely rains may have a high rainfall.
w While
a high rainfall zone could get extremely dry.
w An
increase in temperature on the earth’s surface may also melt the ice at the
poles, which will further increase the sea level.
w CO2
iis the main pollution causing the green house effect and global warming.
3. The Effect of Air
Pollution on The Human Body
w Air
pollution may endanger human health and disturbed the fuction of certain organs
such.
w A. Eyes
w Substances
in smoke cause eye irritation.
w B. Nose, throat, and lungs.
w Ozone
( O3 ) may cause a burming feeling in the throat and nose
irritation.
w Ozone
may also erode lungs.
w C. Heart
w When
we inhale carbon monoxide ( CO ), it will bind the red blood cells.
w This
slows the red blood cells in performing it’s fuction to distrubet oxygen ( O2
).
w D. Brain
w When
we inhale carbon monoxide, the oxygen in the brains in decreased and there fore
weakes our motor coordination and brain functions.
C.
Water Pollution
w Generally
water on earth is not clean and pure, since it contains other substance which
are dissolved in the water.
w For
example rain water contains SO4, CL, NH3, CO2,
N2, C, O2, and dust.
w Water
from a spring contains Na, Mg, Ca, Fe, and O2, water also frequently
contains microorganism.
w Indication
of polluted water are as follows:
1.
Change in water temperature;
§ The
higher the water temperature, the less O2 that can be dissolved in
the water.
2.
Change in the water PH;
§ Water
may become acidic basic depending on it’s PH level on the amount of H+
ions.
3.
Change in water color, odor, and taste.
§ Clean
water air color less, odor less, and taste less.
w What
cause water pollution?
w Human
activities pollute water source, such as rivers, lakes and coats.
w Some
human activities pollute are:
1.
Industrial waste which contains
dangerous and toxic chemicals substance.
2.
Waste from household which consist of
residual food.
w Sewage
from washing, sewage from bath drains, and sewage from restaurants.
w Chemical
substances as residue of pesticides, insecticides, plant fertilizers, and oil
spills from tanker.
w The
impact of water pollution.
w Polluted
river water and ground water can not be utilized as drinking water.
a.
Water pollution caused by anorganic chemicals from plants fertilizer.
Farmers usually use fertilizers containing nitrogen and
phosphate substance.
w 2. Change in water PH. Water may become acidic on
basic depending on it’s PH level on the amount of H+ ions.
w 3. Changes in water color, odor, and taste.
w Clean
water air colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
w What
causes water pollution.
w Human
activities pollute water sources, such as rivers, lakes and coast.
w Some
human activities pollute water are:
a)
Industrial waste which contains
dangerous and toxic chemical substances.
b)
Waste from house holds which consist
of residual food.
w Sewage
from washing, sewage from bath drains and sewage from restroom.
w Chemical
substance as residue of pesticides, insecticides, plant fertilizers, and oil
spills from tanker.
w The
impact of water pollution.
w If
polluted river water and ground water can not be utilized as drinking water.
w A. Water pollution caused by organic chemicals from
plants fertilizers.
w Farmers
usually use fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphate suntances.
w High
level of nitrogen and nitrate ( NO3 ) in drinking water will cause
problems in blood circulate systems, especially toddlers.
w B. Water pollution caused by an organic chemicals in
the from of acids, mineral salts, and metals ( for example; Pb, Cd, Hg ) in
high levels.
w Water
pollution caused by an organic chemicals may cause the following problems:
1.
Water becoming unsuitable for
drinking because it endangered health.
2.
Aquatic organism to die.
3.
Group production to decrease.
4.
Damage to equipment made from metals
because the water becomes corrosive.
w C. Water pollution caused by an organic chemicals.
w Water
pollution caused by organic chemicals such as oil, plastic, pesticides,
cleaning agents, and detergent used by human.
w D. Water pollution caused by radioactive substance
dissolved in water
w Radioactive
substances affect the food chain and they also cause changes in hereditary
materials ( DNA ) in a cell and causes mutations, cancer, and reproductive system
disorders.
w E. Eutrophication.
w Wastes
from agriculture, farms, and house holds frequently contains nitrates and
phosphate.
w Waste
containing nitrates and phosphates which flow in the water works will stimulate
excessive growth of algae this phenomenon is called eutrophication.
w Because
of eutropication many algae are die and the death algae are decomposed by
bacteria and bacteria take O2 from water to decompose that algae so
water of river/lake lack of O2, then many organism will die because
of lacking of O2.
w F. Ground water pollution.
w The
water used by us comes from surface water or ground water.
w All
kinds of pesticides are toxic if they enter water.
w Pesticides
are difficult to be decomposed by water micro organism.
w Pesticides
in excessive amount will also be stored as residue in plants.
w Water
pollution is caused by pollutants such as industrial waste, housed waste, and
other chemicals.
w Water
pollution is dangerous to humans and can damage water ecosystems.
D.
How to Prevent Pollution And Environmental Damage
w 1. Over coming air pollution.
w Efforts
to help prevent air pollution are as follows:
a)
Choosing product with non CFCs;
b)
Reducing the use of fossil fuels;
c)
Regularly checking the exhaust fumes
in vehiely;
d)
Planting trees and other plants in houses;
e)
Conserving the environment,
especially forest;
f)
Separating industrial areas from
residential areas;
g)
Applying strict legal sanctions to
industries which do not filter their exhaust fumes.
w 2. Over coming water pollution.
w Efforts
to help prevent water pollution are as follow:
a)
Providing collecting tanks in
industries or factories
§ Before
dumping waste into the environment, the must be collected in tanks and then
processed with the three steps of the recycling process.
I.
Primary treatment. Is the mechanical
process thorough filtering of coarse wastes. Example by using stones, pieces of
wood, or sand.
II.
Seconding treatment. Is the
biological process thorough the addition of aerobic bacteria to reduce 90% of
the organic waste.
III.
Final treatment. Is the process to eliminate
chemical and physical residues left by primary and secondary treatment. Final
treatment is conducted by putting in disinfectants.
b)
Not using household cleaning agents
excessively.
c)
Using biodegradable detergents.
d)
Monitoring the use of land for agriculture
and the water flow for agriculture areas.
e)
Protecting the land near the coasts
and lakes by planting mangrove trees.
w 3. Over coming soil pollution.
w To
prevent trash form polluting the environment, we need to do following efforts.
a)
Throwing trash into to proper places.
b)
Separing organic from an organic
waste.
w Organic
waste can be decomposed by bacteria and saprophytic fungi.
w Ex:
leaves, fruit peels and food leftovers.
w An
organic waste can not be decomposed as quickly.
w Ex:
for instance, carbon boxes, plastic metals and glasses.
a)
Reusing and recycling wastes.
w 4. Monitoring pollution and environment damage.
w Treatment
of dangerous and toxics waste is done by government regulation.
w Ministry
of the environment has started several programs such as:
§ AMDAL
( Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkngan or Environment Impact Assessment ).
§ PROKASIH
( Program Kali Bersih or Clean River Programs ).
§ PLB ( Program Langit Biru or Blue Sky Program ).
§ The
purpose of these program is to observe and maintain the quality of our living
environment.
w Over
coming pollution and environmental damage thorough close conyrol is conduced
through several programs such as : AMDAL, PROKASIH, and PLB.
w 5. Over coming pollution and environmental damage
thorough education.
w Education
can be done thorough the internet, radio, television, news paper, magazine or
posters.
w Students
should not be allowed to throw trash carelessly.
w And
always thorw trash into the proper places.
w Through
the UKS ( Unit Kesehatan Sekolah or School Health Unit ), students need to
become educated as potential candidates for performing health services.
w Over
coming pollution and environment damage thorough close control is conducted
through several programs such as AMDAL (Environmental Impact Assesment ),
PROKASIH ( Clean River Program ), and PLB ( Blue Sky Program ).
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